The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840)

The United Provinces of Central America (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America, or Repà ºblica Federal de Centroamà ©rica) was a short-lived nation comprised of the present-day countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The nation, which was founded in 1823, was led by Honduran liberal Francisco Morazà ¡n. The republic was doomed from the start, as infighting between liberals and conservatives was constant and proved insurmountable. In 1840, Morazà ¡n was defeated and the Republic broke into the nations that form Central America today. Central America in the Spanish Colonial Era In Spain’s mighty New World Empire, Central America was but a remote outpost, largely ignored by the colonial authorities. It was part of the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico) and later controlled by the Captaincy-General of Guatemala. It did not have mineral wealth like Peru or Mexico, and the natives (mostly descendants of the Maya) proved to be fierce warriors, difficult to conquer, enslave and control. When the independence movement broke out all through the Americas, Central America only had a population of about one million, mostly in Guatemala. Independence In the years between 1810 and 1825, different sections of the Spanish Empire in the Americas declared their independence, and leaders like Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Josà © de San Martà ­n fought many battles against Spanish loyalist and royal forces. Spain, struggling at home, could not afford to send armies to put down every rebellion and focused on Peru and Mexico, the most valuable colonies. Thus, when Central America declared itself independent on September 15, 1821, Spain did not send troops and loyalist leaders in the colony simply made the best deals they could with the revolutionaries. Mexico 1821-1823 Mexico’s War of Independence had begun in 1810 and by 1821 the rebels had signed a treaty with Spain which ended hostilities and forced Spain to recognize it as a sovereign nation. Agustà ­n de Iturbide, a Spanish military leader who had switched sides to fight for the creoles, set himself up in Mexico City as Emperor. Central America declared independence shortly after the end of the Mexican War of Independence and accepted an offer to join Mexico. Many Central Americans chafed at Mexican rule, and there were several battles between Mexican forces and Central American patriots. In 1823, Iturbide’s Empire dissolved and he left for exile in Italy and England. The chaotic situation that followed in Mexico led Central America to strike out on its own. Establishment of the Republic In July 1823, a Congress was called in Guatemala City which formally declared the establishment of the United Provinces of Central America. The founders were idealistic creoles, who believed that Central America had a great future because it was an important trade route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A federal president would govern from Guatemala City (the largest in the new republic) and local governors would rule in each of the five states. Voting rights were extended to rich European creoles; the Catholic Church was established in a position of power. Slaves were emancipated and slavery outlawed, although in reality little changed for the millions of impoverished Indians who still lived lives of virtual slavery. Liberals Versus Conservatives From the beginning, the Republic was plagued by bitter fighting between liberals and conservatives. Conservatives wanted limited voting rights, a prominent role for the Catholic Church and a powerful central government. The liberals wanted church and state separate and a weaker central government with more freedom for the states. The conflict repeatedly led to violence as whichever faction not in power tried to seize control. The new republic was ruled for two years by a series of triumvirates, with various military and political leaders taking turns in an ever-changing game of executive musical chairs. Reign of Josà © Manuel Arce In 1825, Josà © Manuel Arce, a young military leader born in El Salvador, was elected President. He had come to fame during the brief time that Central America had been ruled by the Iturbide’s Mexico, leading an ill-fated rebellion against the Mexican ruler. His patriotism thus established beyond a doubt, he was a logical choice as the first president. Nominally a liberal, he nevertheless managed to offend both factions and Civil War broke out in 1826. Francisco Morazà ¡n Rival bands were fighting each other in the highlands and jungles during the years 1826 to 1829 while the ever-weakening Arce tried to re-establish control. In 1829 the liberals (who had by then disowned Arce) were victorious and occupied Guatemala City. Arce fled to Mexico. The liberals elected Francisco Morazà ¡n, a dignified Honduran General still in his thirties. He had led the liberal armies against Arce and had a wide base of support. Liberals were optimistic about their new leader. Liberal Rule in Central America The jubilant liberals, led by Morazà ¡n, quickly enacted their agenda. The Catholic Church was unceremoniously removed from any influence or role in government, including education and marriage, which became a secular contract. He also abolished government-aided tithing for the Church, forcing them to collect their own money. The conservatives, mostly wealthy landowners, were scandalized. The clergy incited revolts among the indigenous groups and the rural poor and mini-rebellions broke out all over Central America. Still, Morazà ¡n was firmly in control and proved himself repeatedly as a skilled general. A Battle of Attrition The conservatives began wearing the liberals down, however. Repeated flare-ups all over Central America forced Morazà ¡n to move the capital from Guatemala City to the more centrally located San Salvador in 1834. In 1837, there was a fierce outbreak of cholera: the clergy managed to convince many of the uneducated poor that it was divine retaliation against the liberals. Even the provinces were the scene of bitter rivalries: in Nicaragua, the two largest cities were liberal Leà ³n and conservative Granada, and the two occasionally took up arms against one another. Morazà ¡n saw his position weaken as the 1830’s wore on. Rafael Carrera In late 1837 there appeared a new player on the scene: Guatemalan Rafael Carrera. Although he was a brutish, illiterate pig farmer, he was nevertheless a charismatic leader, dedicated conservative and devout Catholic. He quickly rallied the Catholic peasants to his side and was one of the first to gain strong support among the indigenous population. He became a serious challenger to Morazà ¡n almost immediately as his horde of peasants, armed with flintlocks, machetes and clubs, advanced on Guatemala City. A Losing Battle Morazà ¡n was a skilled soldier, but his army was small and he had little long-term chance against Carrera’s peasant hordes, untrained and poorly armed as they were. Morazà ¡n’s conservative enemies seized the opportunity presented by Carrera’s uprising to start their own, and soon Morazà ¡n was fighting several outbreaks at once, the most serious of which was Carrera’s continued march to Guatemala City. Morazà ¡n skillfully defeated a larger force at the Battle of San Pedro Perulapà ¡n in 1839, but by then he only effectively ruled El Salvador, Costa Rica and isolated pockets of loyalists. End of the Republic Beset on all sides, the Republic of Central America fell apart. The first to officially secede was Nicaragua, on November 5, 1838. Honduras and Costa Rica followed shortly thereafter. In Guatemala, Carrera set himself up as dictator and ruled until his death in 1865. Morazà ¡n fled to exile in Colombia in 1840 and the collapse of the republic was complete. Attempts to Rebuild the Republic Morazà ¡n never gave up on his vision and returned to Costa Rica in 1842 to re-unify Central America. He was quickly captured and executed, however, effectively ending any realistic chance anyone had of bringing the nations together again. His final words, addressed to his friend General Villaseà ±or (who was also to be executed) were: â€Å"Dear friend, posterity will do us justice.† Morazà ¡n was right: posterity has been kind to him. Over the years, many have tried and failed to revive Morazà ¡n’s dream. Much like Simà ³n Bolà ­var, his name is invoked any time someone proposes a new union: it’s a little ironic, considering how poorly his fellow Central Americans treated him during his lifetime. No one has ever had any success in uniting the nations, however. Legacy of the Central American Republic It is unfortunate for the people of Central America that Morazà ¡n and his dream were so soundly defeated by smaller thinkers such as Carrera. Since the republic fractured, the five nations have been repeatedly victimized by foreign powers such as the United States and England who have used force to advance their own economic interests in the region. Weak and isolated, the nations of Central America have had little choice but to allow these larger, more powerful nations to bully them around: one example is Great Britain’s meddling in British Honduras (now Belize) and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. Although much of the blame must rest with these imperialistic foreign powers, we must not forget that Central America has traditionally been its own worst enemy. The small nations have a long and bloody history of bickering, warring, skirmishing and interfering in one another’s business, occasionally even in the name of â€Å"reunification.† The history of the region has been marked by violence, repression, injustice, racism and terror. Granted, larger nations such as Colombia have also suffered from the same ills, but they have been particularly acute in Central America. Of the five, only Costa Rica has managed to distance itself somewhat from the â€Å"Banana Republic† image of a violent backwater. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

High Rates Of Poverty Sierra Leone Essay - 1161 Words

Following the end of a decade-long Civil War in 2002, the West African country of the Republic of Sierra Leone began a period of rebuilding, which has only been slowed by the recent Ebola epidemic. The total population of Sierra Leone hovers around 6,453,000, with about 1,004,000 of these children under five years old. The majority population is poor, with a GDP per capita at 1,600 USD, which ranks them in place 214 when compared globally. According to a 2004 estimate, 70.2% of the population is below the poverty line. Although Sierra Leone as country is fairly resource-rich, with resources including mining for diamonds and bauxite, â€Å"nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. † High rates of poverty can place a significant burden on the health of a country. In the following situation brief, topics including burden of disease, key determinants of health, and analysis of equity will be discussed in order to assess the state of health in Sierra Leone. Burden of Disease Summary: In Sierra Leone, the life expectancy at birth is 56.5 years for men, and 57.7 years for women . Although these statistics are low when compared the global average of 71.4 years and countries in the region like Liberia with an average life expectancy of 63.2 years , the average life expectancy in Sierra Leone has increased 5.5 years since 1990 . However, overall, the life expectancy at birth is much lower than global averages. The most significant cause of death inShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Problems of Sierra Leone Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesSierra Leone or the Republic of Sierra Leone is West African country that borders to the north and east with Guinea, to the southeast with Liberia, and to the west and southwest with Atlantic Ocean. 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Robin Hood, by Paul Creswick, is a story of great Essay Example For Students

Robin Hood, by Paul Creswick, is a story of great Essay triumph. Many people know the myth of Robin Hood, but they do not know the life of Robin Hood. It is a good novel to read if the reader likes stories of a true legend. Also, it is a novel that deals with friendship, motivation, action, bravery, and love. The novel is primarily based on friendship. The friends that Robin makes and the camaraderie they share makes this a terrific book. Living in the forest,away from the law, they are all outlaws and they are all there for each other when trouble presents its self. One example is when one of the outlaws, Little John,is about to be hung, the rest of the crew risked life and limb to save his life. A few of the members even died trying to help Little John escape, but they all knew that was the meaning of friendship. When one of the outlaws was sick or wounded, someone always stayed with them and made sure he got better. With their friendship came trust. All of the outlaws knew that they could trust each other, no matter what the situation presented. If one of the outlaws went into the city to buy goods, the others knew that he would not run off with the money or tell the Sheriff where they were hiding. A good example of that is when Will Stutely had a falling out with the gang. He went and worked in the sheriffs kitchen as a cook, and even though he had left the gang and was employed by the law, he still kept the hiding place secret and told noone the where abouts of Robin Hood. Another reason the novel is good to read is the motivation the gang has. Their primary motivator is freedom. Everything they do is to try to gain freedom from the crooked king. They live in caves throughout the woods and sleep on the hard ground because they are just glad to be free there. In the forest, they make their own laws and obide by them strictly. If someone does not obey the laws set by the gang, then they are kicked out of the forest and must live in the non-democratic city and give up their freedom. Once the gang leaves the forest though, they have no respect for any laws but their own. Their secondary motivator is money. They do not obtain money honestly. They rob the rich people that travel through the forest and give it to the people that are traveling through the forest that need it, as long as they promise to pay it back. An example from the book is where a Knight that owes a rich Bishop two hundred dollars is traveling through and meets Robin and the gang. After Rob in tried to rob the Knight, the Knight tells him that he is poor and owes the Bishop money he had borrowed to feed his family. Robin gave the Knight the two hundred dollars that Robin had stole from the Bishop in the first place. The Knight took the money, but had to promise to pay it back in one year. So unlike the myth, Robin Hood did not give the poor people money, he loaned money. And if the person couldnt pay it back, they couldnt borrow it. But, that is how many of the people joined Robins gang. They wanted to be free of debt and obtain freedom, so they took the oath of friendship and were in the gang. .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .postImageUrl , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:hover , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:visited , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:active { border:0!important; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:active , .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcf408f618eae7652a248ea2b184e53f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The short story A P, by John Updike, tells the EssayIf an action/adventure book is what a reader is looking for, I would have to say that few books compare with Robin Hood. From the opening page until the end, there is always something going on. On every walk Robin takes, he gets into a fight with somebody. A few words of disrespect towards Robin are spoken, and the sword is out. Usually, after the fight, Robin and his opponent become friends, and a new member of the gang is found. That is how Robin met Little John, and a few other members of the gang. All of the battles are narrated so perfectly, that the reader can visualize every blow. The author also does a good job o f making the fighting scenes seem real by letting Robin lose a couple fights. There is also allot of action when Robin enters an archery contest. Every time he enters a contest, he has to wear a disguise so noone will recognize him, since he is an outlaw and the sheriffs worst enemy. After winning the first archery contest he entered he gave the prize, a golden arrow, to a pretty girl named Marion who Robin fell in love with instead of the Sheriffs daughter whom the prize usually went to. That incident started the feud between the Sheriff and Robin Hood. When Robins gang and the Sheriffs men fought there was allot of action, too. Swords were flailing, sticks were swinging, arrows were flying and men were dropping. The war would usually start with one or two of Robins men getting attacked by the Sheriffs men, then with a blow of the signal horn, all of the outlaws were at their friends side fighting for their freedom. Another important element to the novel is bravery. Ever since the first time he defied the Sheriff by giving Marian the golden arrow, Robin displayed his bravery. When the gang named him as the leader Robin had to be brave and take the fate of the group of outlaws into his own hands. When there was a particularly dangerous mission, Robin volunteered himself to carry it out. Even in times when he was surrounded by enemies, he found it in himself to rise above the occasion and prevail. The whole gang was brave for knowing that their life was at stake for living in the forest and defying the Sheriffs law, but their freedom was worth more than that. After Robins father had died he had to support his mother, and even as a boy Robin showed manlike courage and took over his fathers job as a forest ranger. But after the Sheriff found out that his new ranger is the same person that offended his daughter by not giving her the golden arrow, the Sheriff gave someone else the job, and Robin was forced into the life as an outlaw. Above all, Robin Hood is a Love story. He had love not just for his fair maid Marian, but he also had love for his family, friends, and country. His love for Marian probably showed the most. Even though she lived in the city where Robin was wanted dead, he still ventured in to see his love. Eventually, when the sheriff found out that Marian was seeing Robin Hood, he tried to make Marian his daughters maid, so Marian fled. Robin took her in and found her a place to stay with his rich uncle Montfichet. He showed love for his family by supporting his mother after his fathers death. He also showed love for his family by helping his cousin Geoffrey of Montfichet who was banned from the country, regain his citizenship. Robin showed love for his friends by always being there for them when they needed him. No matter what, Robin helped his friends when they were in need, even though a great deal of danger was usually involved. He proved that he loved his country by not leaving and fighting for what he believed. It would h ave been much easier for Robin to just leave the country and live somewhere else, but he wanted to live in the country where he was born and raised and where his father had died. .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .postImageUrl , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:hover , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:visited , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:active { border:0!important; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:active , .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012 .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f1b1dc1cfccbeb951841c0993f81012:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: time management EssayRobin Hood is more than a good book, it is a legend. People all over the world know about the keen archery eye of Robin Hood. In the novel, Robin Hood is not glamorized by the taking from the rich and giving to the poor. He is considered an outlaw, by the law and the townsfolk alike. The author, Paul Creswick does not try to make Robin a hero, but tries to present Robin as a leader of an organization that wants freedom, a concept that is taken for granted all too often today.